Author: Swati

  • The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: Summary, Plot Analysis and Review

    The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: Summary, Plot Analysis and Review

    The Lottery`is a short story written by Shirley Jackson who’s an American author. First published in the New Yorker in 1948, the story is about a strange game of lottery that’s practiced in a village.

    Touted as one of the most famous short stories in American literature and first published in New Yorker in 1948, this story’s journey was rocky in the beginning.

    It opened to a tremendous negative response by the audience. People felt hurt and it received a lot of hate mails. It  was even banned at some places.

    Wondering what so special about it?

    Let’s jump right in!

    The Lottery: Summary and Plot Analysis

    The story opens in a village square on a bright and beautiful summer day. The village is small with about 300 people and has the usual small place charm.

    Everyone knows everyone. Children running around, Wives catching up on the latest gossip and men surveying their children and talking about plantation and taxes before families start standing together in groups.

    The families have assembled for the annual lottery event. This event takes much longer in other towns but the small size of this town works to the villagers’ advantage. The event gets over in no more than two hours.

    Children, who have just gotten off school are running around with stones in their pockets, while some others arrange them in a pile on the ground.

    A man called Mr. Summers runs the lottery because he has a lot of time at his disposal for the village.

    He arrives in the square with the black box, followed by Mr. Graves, the postmaster. The black box is older than the oldest man in the village. Mr Warner attempts to get a new one but is thwarted in the name of tradition.

    Mr. Summers jumbles up the slips of papers in the box. Note that at this point the reader is unaware of the content in those paper slips.

    portrait of shirley jackson
    Shirley Jackson – the author of The Lottery

    Mr Summers and the postmaster made the paper slips the night before and locked it up in his coal company. As a prerequisite to the lottery, a list of families is made and members from each household are identified to be representing the family for the event.

    Mr Summers is sworn in, albeit without the customary salute or song that’s used to characterize such events in the past.

    A village woman Tessie Hutchinson joins the crowd late, visibly flustered having forgotten the day to be the lottery day. People joke about her late arrival in a playful manner.

    Mr Summers confirms with the crowd about everyone’s presence for the event and makes sure that there is someone to draw for every family.

    He then proceeds with a reminder about the lottery rules: he will read family names and the identified family heads will come and draw a slip of paper and no one is to look at their slips until every family has drawn.

    While people continue to draw slips of paper from Mr Summers’ box, Mr Adams and old man Warner strike up a conversation about some other village taking on the lottery tradition, mentioning that some wanted to discontinue it.

    Old man Warner ridicules the idea saying that it is as bad as going back to the caves and that it’s trouble and nothing else.

    Everyone has finished drawing papers and now the family heads open the papers. Word quickly travels that Bill Hutchinson has got it.

    Tessie starts complaining about the unfairness of the draw considering that her husband got very little time to draw a paper. Mr. Summers asks Hutchinsons if there are other members in their family. He confirms.

    There are five papers now to draw from. One for each member of the Hutchinson family. Each member draws their paper, and opens their slips. Tessie receives a paper with a black dot on it. Mr Summers then instructs the villagers to hurry up.

    All villagers grab stones and run towards Tessie, who is now standing in the middle of the crowd. She continues to complain about the unfairness of the lottery until she is hit by a stone on her head, and then everyone begins throwing stones at her.

    The Lottery: Review & My Thoughts

    The first time I read the story, I was shell shocked at the ending.

    Although Jackson dropped quite a few hints about the lottery not being a traditional one that comes to mind when you see or hear this word. I was not prepared for the end.

    I thought I read it wrong; but no, I read it right. She was stoned to death by people she knew, she gossiped with. Hell! Her own family!

    The idea was very bizarre to me, and I was finding it hard to digest. It didn’t sit well with me.

    Up until the absolutely unexpected ending, there were a few references in the story that I marveled at:

    “It was clear and sunny, with fresh warmth of a full summer day”

    I know I might be over-crediting this line, but summers are rare in the place I live and what bad could ever happen on such a nice summer day!

    About how children shall always be children:

    “The children assembled first, of course. School was recently over for the summer, and the feeling of liberty sat uneasily on most of them.”

    How men taking a central role in a family is okay, but women doing the same is not.

    “Wife draws for her husband, Mr Summers said. “Don’t you have a grown boy to do it for you Janey?”

    I did see eerie signs but chose to ignore them, clues spread all throughout the story about lottery not being the traditional one: why was Tessie constantly complaining about getting the lottery? It’s lucky to win one and people want to win it, right?

    We would instinctively trace it back to the dark ages if we ever hear of an incident like this in reality.

    With all of the human rights commissions that we have now, yes, an act like this is not going to get unnoticed, and I sure would like to believe that they would play an instrumental role in curbing a horrible, inhuman practice like this.

    But does that mean that we are not slave to tradition now in these times?

    Mrs Hutchinson’s death is an extreme example of how societies can perpetrate all sorts of injustices for reasons that defy logic.

    The targeted individual could be a different race, a different sex, follower of a different religion, of a different economic class, something that he or she can not control but has to pay the price for.

    Just as villagers blindly follow tradition to stone Tessie to death, real life villains carry out atrocities without questioning the tradition or the widely held belief – however flawed it might be.

    All this is to say that the ending of the story made me think. A LOT.

    And that is the power of a great story. Publishing something like this in 1948! Shirley Jackson was undoubtedly way ahead of her times.

    It pains me to think how much flak she received for this. Bombarded with hate mail in hundreds all through the summer when it was first published.

    The story left me speechless.

    Thank you, Shirley Jackson!

  • Cathedral by Raymond Carver: Summary, Analysis and Review

    Cathedral by Raymond Carver: Summary, Analysis and Review

    Cathedral is a short story written by Raymond Carver. This story was included in the ‘Best American Short Stories’ (1982). It’s the story of how a man’s perspective about blind people changes dramatically when he meets an extraordinary blind man who introduces him to a new realm of experience.

    “Cathedral”

    What’s the first thing that comes to your mind when you read this word?

    My guess is that you made a mental image of a cathedral, right?

    Now here’s a question: how long do you think it’s going to take you to explain your mental image of a cathedral to me so that I see it exactly the same way you do?

    5 minutes? 15 minutes? An hour?

    And how satisfied are you once you’re done explaining it?

    Cathedral, a short story by Raymond Carver, is an immense realization of this. to say the least.

    Cathedral Short Story: Summary and Plot Analysis

    The story opens with the narrator mentioning a visit from a friend of his wife, one whom he does not seem to particularly like, considering that he is blind.

    This friend’s wife has recently died and after returning from one of his relatives’ place, he considers meeting the narrator’s wife, as they live close-by.

    The narrator knows quite a lot about this friend – he was a reader. The narrator’s wife met and was employed by this man years ago. On the last day of her job, this blind friend had touched his wife’s face and wrote a poem about it.

    Knowing all this, the narrator finds this man’s blindness ‘unsettling’, more than anything else.

    The narrator also goes on to give the us (i.e. the readers) a peek into his wife’s past-marriage to a childhood sweetheart, loneliness that had led to a suicide attempt (which she survived) followed by a failed marriage.

    Through all these experiences, she continued to keep in touch with her friend. Poems and tapes were the primary means of communication between them. They talked about everything and everyone, including the narrator.

    The narrator and his wife have a discussion about the impending visit from her friend, wherein his wife continues urging him to be nice to her friend, while the narrator continues to bring up reservations about the guest being blind.

    She tells him about that man’s wife, their married life and her struggle with a terminal disease. All this while, the narrator, seemingly immune to the grief of the blind man, continues to wonder about the unhappiness his wife would have felt thinking he could never see her.

    The narrator’s wife goes to pick her friend from the train station, while the husband waits for them at home.

    cathedral by raymond carver book cover
    Cover of Cathedral by Raymond Carver. The links to buy this book are provided at the end of this article.

    He is shocked to see that Robert (the blind man) sports a beard. This does not seem natural to the narrator. His wife introduces him to Robert and all of them engage in conversation.

    The narrator inadvertently asks Robert which side of train did he sit on his way here. He quickly realizes his mistake, but seeing that Robert is unnerved by the question, he’s a bit surprised.

    Three of them sit for dinner and stuff their faces. Many things about Robert continue to surprise the narrator, including, Robert not wearing dark glasses, his ability to smoke ‘normally’ and eat and drink effortlessly.

    All this starts to challenge the blindness stereotype that he had held in his mind for so long.

    While his wife excuses herself for a change of clothes and is gone for quite a while, both men engage in small talk and narrator switches his attention to the television which aired a program about Middle Ages, showing cathedrals from different parts of the world.

    This prompts the narrator to ask Robert if he had any idea what a cathedral looked like. Robert requests the narrator to describe one to him but finds him struggling while doing so.

    Robert then asks the narrator to bring a pen and paper and draw a cathedral. He puts his hand over the narrator’s hand, following the movement of the narrator’s hand. The narrator continues to draw and finds himself immersed in the experience, in a way that he had never felt before.

    At one point, upon Robert’s insistence, he starts drawing with his eyes closed. When he’s  done, Robert asks him to open his eyes.

    The narrator chooses not to, soaking in his newfound bliss. When he’s asked how it felt, he simply responds with “it really is something”.

    Cathedral: Review and My thoughts

    The story seems simple, doesn’t it?

    But it has a little Thich Nhat Hanh lesson (he’s a famous monk and peace activist who has published over 100 books) for us there – a lesson of mindfulness.

    Not only that, it takes a jab at how easy it is for humans to fall prey to stereotypes.

    The story sure is short, but has much to offer. The narrator’s reservations about blind people, his completely warped view of the world of disabled is, on some occasions, comical, while at others bordering on apathy.

    Some quotes from Cathedral

    One of the narrator’s blanket statements about blind people is downright comical.

    “I remembered having read somewhere that the blind didn’t smoke, because, as speculation had it, they couldn’t see the smoke they exhaled.”

    I couldn’t help but laugh when, on seeing his wife’s thigh exposed, the narrator rushed to cover it, only to put it back when he realized that the only other person in the room was blind.

    Here, read for yourself to see if it has the same effect (holding breath in anticipation of your validatory smile):

    “(While sleeping) she had turned so that her robe had slipped away from her legs, exposing a juicy thigh. I reached to draw her robe back over her, and it was then that I glanced at a blind man. What the hell! I flipped the robe open again.”

    His reminiscence about his wife’s tragic past is sad, but with a slight undertone of jealousy. That man who seemed like a stone, did expose his soft side. I couldn’t help but gush a little when I read this.

    “Her officer – why should he have a name? He was her childhood sweetheart, what more does he want?”

    And yes, why should a spouse’s ex have a name?

    Robert’s positivity and an upbeat temperament is in stark contrast with the narrator’s expectations.

    Robert seems to have it all – loving and meaningful relationships, complete immersion in what he does and an undying penchant for learning.

    “I am always learning something. Learning never ends. It won’t hurt me to learn something tonight. I got ears.”

    Couldn’t get any more cliche than that, eh? Yet valuable just the same.

    Learning. Never. Ends.

    We have great people from history and the present worldwide vouching for Robert on this one, and for good reason.

    It’s ironical that a seemingly indifferent narrator has a profound experience at the hands of someone that he was completely apathetic to, until they share an immersive experience.

    Very cleverly, Carver exposed the error of the narrator’s way by showing him that the world he thought he was lacking was actually the one capable of making him feel fulfilled.

    A world that showed him better things. A world that makes him see.

    I hope I see more from this day on.

    Want to read Cathedral?

    Cathedral is available on Amazon if you want to get yourself a copy. You are welcome to use the links given below to order a copy:

    Check Price on Amazon US
    Check Price on Amazon Canada
    Check Price on Amazon India

  • Whenever You Are About To Find Fault With Someone, Ask Yourself The Following Question – What Fault Of Mine Most Nearly Resembles The One I Am About To Criticize: Marcus Aurelius

    Whenever You Are About To Find Fault With Someone, Ask Yourself The Following Question – What Fault Of Mine Most Nearly Resembles The One I Am About To Criticize: Marcus Aurelius

    I read this the other day and felt an itch, I would grand it up a little bit by calling it a philosophical version of Hell’s itch. Suffice to say that the itch is painful.

    Fun fact #1

    In my life so far, I am yet to meet a person that likes to be criticized. And I know people that hate the word ‘criticism’  more than COVID.

    Fun Fact #2

    I am yet to meet a person that has not criticized at least one person in their life.

    If you are an ordinary Earthling like me, there is a good chance that both fun facts may apply to you too.

    We don’t like people finding faults in our behavior and pointing them out to us. And there is a good possibility that we disregard the opinion as well as the person that enlightens us with this critical feedback.

    Sometimes things get worse when someone points a fault that we know we have. Ironically the way we use to respond to this criticism is holding resentment or criticizing the person that pointed out our flaw.

    So what is it about this whole criticism game? Why do we so readily dish it out when we can not take it? Why does abstaining from criticism feel like such a Herculean task?

    The reason is simple.

    We love ourselves, sometimes to a fault, plus we all have ego that gets the better of us from time to time.

    After all, the world revolves around us. Doesn’t it?

    Enter Marcus Aurelius.

    “Whenever you are about to find fault with someone, ask yourself the following question: What fault of mine most nearly resembles the one I am about to criticize?” 

    Now this is a very twisted game. Instead of a quick-fix to the criticism problem, when I can simply attack a person when they attack me, feeling a fleeting yet instant second of win, I have to think before I retort now.

    Man, that’s a tough thing to do.

    A conversation that could earlier go like this:

    Dave: What an idiot! How many times do I have to tell you how to do this before you can do it yourself?

    Paul: If you are such an Einstein, why dont u do it yourself?

    Is now going to look like this:

    Dave: What an idiot! How many times do I have to tell you how to do this before you can do it yourself?

    Paul: Yes, you are right. I should have done it myself. I was being as lazy as you.

    OR

    Paul: Yeah, you are right, I guess I am as lazy as you. Let me help you out (same as the last one , minus the sass)

    You and I both know that this entails  a lot of work.

    And a hell lot more deep breathing.

    But I see two very obvious advantages of going through with this exercise:

    1 – I am not going to retort by saying something nasty and then simmer in guilt for days on end.

    2 – My friend whom I did the favor of not criticizing, would probably take the cue and not be an ass next time.

    Basically. it all boils down to patience.

    Next time I am ready to spit venom, I might take a deep breath and selfishly count the days I am going to simmer in guilt of the aftermath of a criticism bout.

    That, I hope, will stop me in my tracks.

    There is more to ‘look before you leap’ than I thought.

  • If Anyone Tells You That A Certain Person Speaks ill Of You, Do Not Make Excuses About What Is Said Of You But Answer, “He Was Ignorant Of My Other Faults, Else He Would Not Have Mentioned These Alone.”: Epictetus

    If Anyone Tells You That A Certain Person Speaks ill Of You, Do Not Make Excuses About What Is Said Of You But Answer, “He Was Ignorant Of My Other Faults, Else He Would Not Have Mentioned These Alone.”: Epictetus

    On one of my random internet surfing days, I came across this meme:

    I am not saying I hate you, but I would unplug your life support to charge my phone meme

    Now if you are like me, you did smile looking at it, didn’t you?

    What you might not have done is put up a mental roster of people that you hate enough to say this.

    I am no angel but I couldn’t think of any person I would actually do that to.

    Although, there are a few that come quite close.

    Jokes aside, I am sure we all have someone that we do not particularly like or find disagreeable, but some people take it to the next level. They’ll say nasty things about others behind their backs.

    And sometimes, these people may not necessarily be on your “I-don’t-like-these-people” list. They may be people whom you considered friends.

    Some of us confront people whom we don’t like and even clear the air. This is a relatively rare occurrence as both parties have to be patient and have an open mind.

    A more common manifestation is hurt and a gnawing feeling to seek revenge. Instead of clearing the air, people try to get back at them by saying things behind their backs too.

    Unless you have complete control over your emotions – you are NEVER going to be indifferent to people saying bad things about you behind your back.

    Like any other human response to an unpleasant situation – you are either going to fight, after all, you love yourself and have to defend yourself to save your honor.

    Or, you may choose to flee (ah, f**k this shit!)

    Sometimes, choosing one of these responses can make things better. But more often than not, they don’t.

    Here is when Epictetus comes to rescue.

    “If anyone tells you that a certain person speaks ill of you, do not make excuses about what is said of you but answer, “He was ignorant of my other faults, else he would not have mentioned these alone.”

    Your first reaction to reading this could be:

    “Wow, this guy is smart”

    OR

    “What a load of c**p, I would rather show them their place.”

    Regardless of the category you belong to, I strongly recommend trying this when someone badmouths you. It works like a charm.

    Epictetus never ever fails to deliver when it comes to practical advice.

    Get ready for your next mic drop moment, thanks to him.

  • Flee Sloth; For the Indolence of the Soul is the Decay of the Body: Cato the Younger

    Flee Sloth; For the Indolence of the Soul is the Decay of the Body: Cato the Younger

    You know what a sloth is, right?

    It is a lethargic, unbelievably slow and might I say adorable animal that lives on treetops and travels 41 yards per day – less than half the length of a football field – on average.

    Cato the Younger, in his famous quote, urges you to “flee sloth.”

    Does he mean flee from a sloth?

    Well, Cato definitely didn’t mean that (I hope).

    But what he means is scarier than that for me.

    Ever seen or been a person that sets an alarm and never EVER wakes up to it?

    Not very proud to say, but I am exactly that person. Every Sunday evening I re-resolve to turn my life around by waking up at 6 in the morning, go for a short run and have breakfast before I start work.

    I have managed to actually do that on precisely ZERO days.

    I am so proficiently a sloth slave that I shut the alarm off in my sleep. And then wonder why didn’t it ring. If ‘sleep shutting an alarm’ was a disease, I suspect that I am in a fairly advanced state.

    So when I was reading a book the other day, this quote felt like a tight slap on the face:

    “Flee sloth; for the indolence of the soul is the decay of the body.”

    Sleeping in till late does make me feel happy that I got good sleep, but that transforms into guilt instantly as soon as I open my eyes in the morning.

    Oh Darn! Not again.

    It’s not that I haven’t tried doing it. I have.

    I have read books on avoiding laziness. I have read numerous books on the benefits of waking up early. I have watched TED talks by people who have had their lives transformed by waking up early.

    What I have failed to do, is act on all that knowledge.

    Maybe reading this was a sign. I have sloth’ed around too much. Today, being a Sunday evening, I am ready for the transformation in my life.

    Time to set the alarm. And hang this advice from Cato right beside the clock.

    Flee sloth; for the indolence of the soul is the decay of the body.